{"id":4684,"date":"2026-11-11T12:18:29","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T12:18:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/makrovit.com\/anyonik-tuz-nedir-kuru-donem-beslemesi\/"},"modified":"2026-11-11T12:18:29","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T12:18:29","slug":"anyonik-tuz-nedir-kuru-donem-beslemesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/makrovit.com\/en\/anyonik-tuz-nedir-kuru-donem-beslemesi\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Anionic Salt? Using It in the Dry Period to Prevent Milk Fever"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anyonik tuz, yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nemdeki s\u00fct ineklerinin rasyonuna kat\u0131larak diyet katyon-anyon fark\u0131n\u0131 (DCAD) negatife \u00e7eken ve do\u011fumdan sonra kan kalsiyumunun h\u0131zla dengelenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan amonyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum klor\u00fcr ve magnezyum s\u00fclfat gibi tuzlard\u0131r. Genellikle beklenen do\u011fumdan yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 hafta \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131r ve etkisi idrar pH \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek takip edilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anyonik tuz nedir?<\/h2>\n

Anyonik tuz, yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nemdeki s\u00fct ineklerinin rasyonuna kat\u0131larak rasyonun katyon-anyon dengesini negatife \u00e7eken klor ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt kaynakl\u0131 mineral tuzlar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r; amonyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum klor\u00fcr, magnezyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum s\u00fclfat ve magnezyum s\u00fclfat en bilinen \u00f6rnekleridir. Anyonik tuz kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, do\u011fumdan sonra s\u00fct hummas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme riskini azaltmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Veteriner hekimlerin ba\u015fvuru kaynaklar\u0131ndan MSD Veteriner El Kitab\u0131, bu tuzlar\u0131 do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi asit olu\u015fturucu (asidojenik) rasyonlar\u0131n ek anyon kaynaklar\u0131 olarak sayar. Anyonik tuz bir ila\u00e7 de\u011fildir; do\u011fru d\u00f6nemde, do\u011fru miktarda ve idrar pH takip edilerek kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fe yarayan bir besleme arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fct hummas\u0131 neden olur, anyonik tuz nas\u0131l korur?<\/h2>\n

S\u00fct hummas\u0131 (do\u011fum felci, hipokalsemi), do\u011fumla birlikte s\u00fct \u00fcretimi ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ine\u011fin g\u00fcnl\u00fck kalsiyum ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n birden y\u00fckselmesi ve v\u00fccudun bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeterince h\u0131zl\u0131 kapatamamas\u0131 sonucu kan kalsiyumunun d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Anyonik tuz, ine\u011fin kemikten ve ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan kalsiyum sa\u011flama mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fumdan \u00f6nce harekete ge\u00e7irerek bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

MSD Veteriner El Kitab\u0131’na g\u00f6re laktasyonun ba\u015f\u0131nda kalsiyum at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 g’dan 30 g’a \u00e7\u0131kar ve vakalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu do\u011fumun ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonraki yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hastal\u0131k her ya\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir, ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve sonraki laktasyonlardaki y\u00fcksek verimli ineklerde daha s\u0131kt\u0131r ve Jersey \u0131rk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Kuru d\u00f6nem rasyonunda potasyum ve sodyum fazla oldu\u011funda inek hafif metabolik alkaloz durumuna girer ve dokular\u0131n kalsiyumu harekete ge\u00e7iren paratiroid hormonuna (PTH) duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r. Negatif DCAD’li bir rasyon ise dengelenmi\u015f hafif bir metabolik asidoz olu\u015fturur. Bu durum ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan kalsiyum emilimini art\u0131r\u0131r, PTH’ye duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir ve kemikten kalsiyum \u00e7ekilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Belirti vermeyen (subklinik) hipokalsemi de en az klinik tablo kadar \u00f6nemlidir. El kitab\u0131, do\u011fumdan sonra kan kalsiyumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden ineklerde yem t\u00fcketiminin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, rahim iltihab\u0131 (metritis) ve abomazum deplasman\u0131 riskinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6l veriminin k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n

DCAD nedir, nas\u0131l hesaplan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

DCAD (diyet katyon-anyon fark\u0131), rasyondaki pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc sodyum ve potasyum ile negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc klor ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r ve miliekivalan cinsinden [(Na + K) – (Cl + S)] form\u00fcl\u00fcyle kilogram kuru madde ba\u015f\u0131na hesaplan\u0131r. Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi rasyonda -50 ile -150 mEq\/kg kuru madde aras\u0131 genellikle en uygun aral\u0131k kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mineral<\/th>\nDCAD’ye etkisi<\/th>\nRasyondaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca kaynaklar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Potasyum (K)<\/td>\nY\u00fckseltir<\/td>\nYonca, g\u00fcbrelenmi\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131rdan elde edilen kuru ot, melas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sodyum (Na)<\/td>\nY\u00fckseltir<\/td>\nSodyum bikarbonat ve benzeri tamponlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Klor (Cl)<\/td>\nD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr<\/td>\nAmonyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum klor\u00fcr, magnezyum klor\u00fcr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00fck\u00fcrt (S)<\/td>\nD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr<\/td>\nKalsiyum s\u00fclfat, magnezyum s\u00fclfat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kuru d\u00f6nem rasyonunda DCAD’yi en \u00e7ok kaba yemin potasyum i\u00e7eri\u011fi belirler. Asidojenik rasyonlar da bu y\u00fczden genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck potasyumlu veya y\u00fcksek klorlu kaba yemlerle kurulur; anyonik tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeden \u00f6nce kaba yemin mineral analizini yapt\u0131rmak en sa\u011flam ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnek bir DCAD hesab\u0131<\/h3>\n

Laboratuvar analizi y\u00fczde olarak verildi\u011finde her mineral, y\u00fczde de\u011feri 10.000 ile \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131p e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek mEq\/kg kuru maddeye \u00e7evrilir; e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar sodyum i\u00e7in 23, potasyum i\u00e7in 39,1, klor i\u00e7in 35,45 ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt i\u00e7in 16’d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki de\u011ferler yaln\u0131zca hesab\u0131n mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u00f6rnek de\u011ferlerdir.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Rasyonda %0,12 sodyum (52 mEq), %1,30 potasyum (332 mEq), %0,40 klor (113 mEq) ve %0,25 k\u00fck\u00fcrt (156 mEq) oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m.<\/li>\n
  2. DCAD = (52 + 332) – (113 + 156) = yakla\u015f\u0131k +116 mEq\/kg kuru madde \u00e7\u0131kar; bu rasyon s\u00fct hummas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma sa\u011flamaz.<\/li>\n
  3. Hedef -100 mEq\/kg ise rasyonun her kilogram kuru maddesinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 216 mEq ek anyon gerekir.<\/li>\n
  4. G\u00fcnde 12 kg kuru madde t\u00fcketen bir inek i\u00e7in bu, g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.590 mEq eder.<\/li>\n
  5. DCAD de\u011feri kilogram ba\u015f\u0131na -13.088 mEq veya daha negatif olan Menoam 70 ile bu a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 g \u00fcr\u00fcnle kapan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bu sonu\u00e7 Menoam 70’in \u00fcr\u00fcn metnindeki 150-250 g\/g\u00fcn\/ba\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na denk gelir, ama ger\u00e7ek rasyonda de\u011ferler farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Hesab\u0131 mutlaka kendi kaba yem ve kesif yem analizlerinizle yap\u0131n ve sonucu idrar pH \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcyle do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

    Sodyum bikarbonat gibi tamponlar sodyum ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in DCAD’yi y\u00fckseltir ve anyonik program\u0131n etkisini azalt\u0131r. Sa\u011fmal grupta kullan\u0131lan tamponlu premiksleri yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nem grubuna vermemek bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

    Anyonik tuza do\u011fumdan ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

    Anyonik tuza genellikle beklenen do\u011fumdan yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 hafta (21 g\u00fcn) \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131r ve do\u011fuma kadar devam edilir; bu d\u00f6neme yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nem (close-up) denir. Veteriner kaynaklar\u0131nda da negatif DCAD’nin do\u011fumdan \u00f6nceki yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 hafta boyunca asidojenik bir rasyonla sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n

    Uygulaman\u0131n i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in kuru d\u00f6nemdeki inekleri uzak kuru d\u00f6nem ve yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nem olarak iki gruba ay\u0131rmak gerekir. Do\u011fum tarihleri do\u011fru kaydedilmezse baz\u0131 inekler anyonik rasyonu \u00e7ok k\u0131sa, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da gere\u011finden uzun s\u00fcre al\u0131r; bu y\u00fczden d\u00fczenli tohumlama kayd\u0131 program\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Anyonik rasyon do\u011fumla birlikte biter ve do\u011fum yapan inek bekletilmeden sa\u011fmal ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 rasyonuna al\u0131n\u0131r. Anyonik tuzlar\u0131n laktasyondaki ineklere verilmesi ama\u00e7lanmaz.<\/p>\n

    \u0130drar pH de\u011feri nas\u0131l takip edilir, hedef ka\u00e7t\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

    \u0130drar pH de\u011feri, yak\u0131n kuru d\u00f6nem grubundaki ineklerden al\u0131nan idrar \u00f6rneklerinin pH metre veya pH k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesiyle takip edilir ve grup ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 6,5 olmas\u0131 hedeflenir. MSD Veteriner El Kitab\u0131, asidojenik rasyon alan ineklerde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn haftada yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kez yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Grup ortalamas\u0131 (idrar pH)<\/th>\nYorum<\/th>\nYap\u0131lacak i\u015f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    7,5’in \u00fczerinde<\/td>\nMetabolik alkaloz s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, s\u00fct hummas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma yetersiz<\/td>\nKaba yemin potasyumunu, anyonik tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131 ve kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kontrol edin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6,5 civar\u0131nda<\/td>\nHedeflenen d\u00fczey<\/td>\nPrograma ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam edin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5,5’in alt\u0131nda<\/td>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 asitlenme, yem t\u00fcketiminde d\u00fc\u015fme riski<\/td>\nAnyonik tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131 teknik ekiple yeniden hesaplay\u0131n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n
    1. \u0130nekler anyonik rasyonu birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn t\u00fckettikten sonra \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme ba\u015flay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
    2. Grubu temsil edecek say\u0131da inekten ve her \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmde g\u00fcn\u00fcn ayn\u0131 saatinde \u00f6rnek al\u0131n.<\/li>\n
    3. \u0130drar\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda temiz bir kaba al\u0131n, yere de\u011fmi\u015f idrar\u0131 kullanmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
    4. pH de\u011ferini hemen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcp inek numaras\u0131yla birlikte not edin.<\/li>\n
    5. Tek tek ineklere de\u011fil grup ortalamas\u0131na g\u00f6re karar verin ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri teknik ekiple birlikte yap\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Anyonik tuzun lezzet sorunu nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

      Anyonik tuzlar\u0131n lezzet sorunu, ac\u0131 ve tuzlu tad\u0131 maskeleyen kaplanm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler, pelet premiksler ve tuzun toplam kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k rasyona (TMR) homojen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Amonyum klor\u00fcr\u00fcn tad\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ac\u0131d\u0131r ve kaplanmam\u0131\u015f halde y\u00fcksek miktarda verildi\u011finde ineklerin kuru madde t\u00fcketimini belirgin \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n

      Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi kuru madde t\u00fcketimindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 ketozis ve ya\u011fl\u0131 karaci\u011fer gibi sorunlarla ili\u015fkilidir. Ayn\u0131 el kitab\u0131 %10’un alt\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fleri kabul edilebilir bulur ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcketim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn en yayg\u0131n nedeninin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 asitlenme oldu\u011funu belirtir; yani lezzet kadar doz da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

      Anyonik tuzu yemin \u00fczerine serpmek yerine TMR’nin i\u00e7ine iyice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ineklerin ay\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Kaplanm\u0131\u015f amonyum klor\u00fcr ve pelet formlar hem tad\u0131 maskeler hem de g\u00fcnl\u00fck miktar\u0131n daha d\u00fczenli t\u00fcketilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

      Makrovit’in kuru d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in anyonik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri nelerdir?<\/h2>\n

      Makrovit’in kuru d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in sundu\u011fu anyonik \u00fcr\u00fcnler, kaplanm\u0131\u015f amonyum klor\u00fcr kayna\u011f\u0131 Menoam 70 ve son 21 g\u00fcndeki s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f pelet premiks PORTATOX AN\u0130ONPLUS+’t\u0131r; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015fta ise anyonik tuz i\u00e7eren PORTAM\u0130N H\u0130POV\u0130NE idrar ta\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn se\u00e7imi ve miktar\u0131 rasyonun DCAD hesab\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u00dcr\u00fcn<\/th>\nForm<\/th>\nHayvan ve d\u00f6nem<\/th>\n\u00dcr\u00fcn metnindeki kullan\u0131m bilgisi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Menoam 70<\/a><\/td>\nKaplanm\u0131\u015f amonyum klor\u00fcr (en az %70)<\/td>\nS\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131nda do\u011fumdan \u00f6nceki 21 g\u00fcn; koyun ve ke\u00e7i<\/td>\nS\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 150-250 g\/g\u00fcn\/ba\u015f, do\u011fumdan 21 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131p do\u011fuma kadar; koyun ve ke\u00e7i 20-40 g\/g\u00fcn\/ba\u015f (fosfat idrar ta\u015f\u0131). Kullan\u0131m d\u00fczeyi rasyonun DCAD de\u011ferine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      PORTATOX ANIONPLUS+<\/a><\/td>\nAnyonik mineralli \u00f6zel pelet premiks<\/td>\nKuru d\u00f6nemin son 21 g\u00fcn\u00fcndeki s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131<\/td>\nDo\u011fum sonras\u0131 klinik ve subklinik hipokalsemi ile ketozisi \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik; doz i\u00e7in etiket ve teknik ekip<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      PORTAMIN HIPOVINE<\/a><\/td>\nAminoasit, anyonik tuz ve maya ilaveli premiks<\/td>\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f<\/td>\nVitamin ve mineral ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015fta idrar ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fumunun \u00f6nlenmesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Menoam 70’in \u00fcr\u00fcn metninde DCAD de\u011feri kilogram kuru madde ba\u015f\u0131na -13.088 mEq veya daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olarak verilir ve kaplaman\u0131n, amonyum klor\u00fcr\u00fcn ac\u0131 tad\u0131n\u0131 maskeleyerek kuru madde t\u00fcketimini korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. \u0130ki \u00fcr\u00fcn de her i\u015fletmeye ayn\u0131 dozla uymaz; kaba yemin potasyum d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksekse ihtiya\u00e7 artar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Anyonik tuz kullan\u0131rken hangi hatalar yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

      Anyonik tuz kullan\u0131m\u0131nda en s\u0131k hatalar tuzu t\u00fcm kuru d\u00f6nem boyunca vermek, idrar pH de\u011ferini hi\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7memek, kaba yemin potasyumunu bilmeden doz belirlemek ve do\u011fumdan sonra da anyonik rasyona devam etmektir. Bu hatalar ya korumay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r ya da ine\u011fin yem t\u00fcketimini gereksiz yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n